The African American's relationship to Africa has long been ambivalent, at least since the early nineteenth century, when 3,000 black men crowded into Bishop Richard Allen's African Methodist Episcopal Church in Philadelphia to protest noisily a plan to recolonize free blacks in Africa.

ISBN 978-0-691-14234-0
with Kwame Anthony Appiah Encyclopedia of Africa: Two-Volume Set. 2007. W.

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Gates has hosted several PBS television miniseries including the history and travel program Wonders of the African World and the biographical African American Lives and Faces of America. (born September 16 1950) is an American literary critic educator scholar writer editor and public intellectual. B.