Up until the War of the Roses there had been continual conflict in England.

Stephen Gardiner (c. He then devoted himself to canon and civil law in which subjects he attained so great a proficiency that no one could dispute his pre-eminence. Gardiner was restored to his Bishopric and appointed Lord Chancellor and he placed the crown on the queen's head at her coronation.

For the British architect see Stephen Gardiner (architect). Stephen Gardiner (c.