I must die. Must I then die lamenting? I must be put in chains. Must I then also lament? I must go into exile. Does any man then hinder me from going with smiles and cheerfulness and contentment?

However individuals are responsible for their own actions which they can examine and control through rigorous self-discipline. To Epictetus all external events are determined by fate and are thus beyond our control; we should accept whatever happens calmly and dispassionately. Philosophy Epictetus taught is a way of life and not just a theoretical discipline.