And further, observing that all this indeterminate substance is in motion, and that no true predication can be made of that which changes, they supposed that it is impossible to make any true statement about that which is in all ways and entirely changeable. For it was from this supposition that there blossomed forth the most extreme view of those which we have mentioned, that of the professed followers of Heraclitus, and such as Cratylus held, who ended by thinking that one need not say anything, and only moved his finger; and who criticized Heraclitus for saying that one cannot enter the same river twice, for he himself held that it cannot be done even once.

John Philoponus stands out for having attempted a fundamental critique of Aristotle's views on the eternity of the world movement and other elements of Aristotelian thought. The final cause is its purpose or that for the sake of which a thing exists or is done including both purposeful and instrumental actions and activities. Politics

In addition to his works on ethics which address the individual Aristotle addressed the city in his work titled Politics.

All aspects of Aristotle's philosophy continue to be the object of active academic study today. Aristotle (Greek: Ἀριστοτέλης [aristotélɛːs] Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC) was a Greek philosopher and polymath a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. His writings cover many subjects including physics metaphysics poetry theater music logic rhetoric linguistics politics government ethics biology and zoology.