I think that my main criticism in that book was directed at the general assumption that adaptation characterizes populations and species, rather than simply the individuals in the populations and species.

In other words natural selection will always be in greatest opposition to the decline of the most senescence-prone system. Williams was also well known for his work on the evolution of sex and was an advocate of evolutionary medicine. According to this original formulation

"if the adverse genic effects appeared earlier in one system than any other they would be removed by selection from that system more readily than from any other.

Williams was a professor emeritus of biology at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. George Christopher Williams (May 12 1926 – September 8 2010) was an American evolutionary biologist. D.