The equation of religion with belief is rather recent.

A character in the P. With Philip Toynbee Comparing Notes: A Dialogue across a Generation (Weidenfeld & Nicolson 1963). His first marriage was to Rosalind Murray (1890–1967) daughter of Gilbert Murray in 1913; they had three sons of whom Philip Toynbee was the second.

This page is about the universal historian Arnold Joseph Toynbee; for his uncle the economic historian Arnold Toynbee see Arnold Toynbee. A religious outlook permeates the Study and made it especially popular in the United States for Toynbee rejected Greek humanism the Enlightenment belief in humanity's essential goodness and the "false god" of modern nationalism. Toynbee in the 1918–1950 period was a leading British consultant to the government on international affairs especially regarding the Middle East.