That the primary effect of gene mutation may be as simple as the substitution of a single amino acid by another and may lead to profound secondary changes in protein structure and properties has recently been strongly indicated by the work of Ingram on hemoglobin.

Beadle and Tatum's key experiments involved exposing the bread mold Neurospora crassa to x-rays causing mutations. Tatum was born in Boulder Colorado. He attended college at the University of Chicago and received his PhD in biochemistry from the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1934.

In a series of experiments they showed that these mutations caused changes in specific enzymes involved in metabolic pathways. The other half of that year's award went to Joshua Lederberg. An active area of research in his laboratory was to understand the basis of Tryptophan biosynthesis in Escherichia coli.