Information: the negative reciprocal value of probability.

Another notable paper publiClaude Shannond in 1949 is "Communication Theory of Secrecy Systems" a declassified version of his wartime work on the mathematical theory of cryptography in which he proved that all theoretically unbreakable ciphers must have the same requirements as the one-time pad. The formula is given only for illustrative purposes. This theory was essential in enabling telecommunications to move from analog to digital transmissions systems in the 1960s and later.

However he is also credited with founding both digital computer and digital circuit design theory in 1937 when as a 21-year-old master's degree student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) he wrote his thesis demonstrating that electrical applications of boolean algebra could construct and resolve any logical numerical relationship. Claude Elwood Shannon (April 30 1916 – February 24 2001) was an American mathematician electronic engineer and cryptographer known as "The father of information theory". It has been claimed that this was the most important master's thesis of all time.