There are clear cases in which "understanding" literally applies and clear cases in which it does not apply; and these two sorts of cases are all I need for this argument.

John Searle began his college education at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and subsequently became a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University where he obtained a doctorate in philosophy. Functionalists claim that consciousness can be defined as a set of informational processes inside the brain. Searle did not consider Derrida's approach legitimate philosophy or even intelligible writing.

Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language philosophy of mind and social philosophy he began teaching at Berkeley in 1959. Among his notable concepts is the "Chinese room" argument against "strong" artificial intelligence.