My title is intended to suggest that the community of scientists is organized in a way which resembles certain features of a body politic and works according to economic principles similar to those by which the production of material goods is regulated.

An outstanding teacher; two of his pupils won Nobel Prizes. He emigrated to Germany working at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and then to England working at the University of Manchester. He pioneered the theory of fiber diffraction analysis in 1921 and the dislocation theory of plastic deformation of ductile metals and other materials in 1934.