Civilization, we shall find, like Universalism and Christianity, is anti evolutionary in its effects; it works against the laws and conditions which regulated the earlier stages of man's ascent.

1949)


The Antiquity of Man (1915 2d ed. Out of this special population sprang the Industrial Revolution centred on the colder Northern counties of England like Lancashire and Yorkshire where the high-tech developments of the time took place in spinning and weaving. European hypothesis
British anthropologists Arthur Keith and Grafton Elliot Smith were both fixed on European origin of humankind and were in opposition to models of Asia and African origin.

Man had evolved he claimed through his tendency to live in small competing communities a tendency which was at root determined by racial differences in his 'genetic substrate'. A leading figure in the study of human fossils he became President of the Royal Anthropological Institute. Sir Arthur Keith (5 February 1866 – 7 January 1955) was a Scottish anatomist and anthropologist who became a fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons of England and Hunterian Professor and conservator of the Hunterian Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons in London (not to be confused with the Hunterian Museum Glasgow Scotland; the two were founded by brothers).