A university's essential character is that of being a center of free inquiry and criticism - a thing not to be sacrificed for anything else.

In 1942 Hofstadter earned his doctorate in history and in 1944 publiRichard Hofstadterd his dissertation Social Darwinism in American Thought 1860–1915 a pithy and commercially successful (200000 copies) critique of late nineteenth-century American capitalism and its ruthless "dog-eat-dog" economic competition and Social Darwinian self-justification. Early life and education
Richard Hofstadter was born in Buffalo New York in 1916 to a German American Lutheran mother Katherine (née Hill) and a Jewish father Emil A. His influence is ongoing as modern critics profess admiration for the grace of his writing and the depth of his insight.

Hofstadter the DeWitt Clinton Professor of American History at Columbia University became the "iconic historian of postwar liberal consensus" largely due to his emphasis on ideas and political culture rather than the day-to-day doings of politicians. His influence is ongoing as modern critics profess admiration for the grace of his writing and the depth of his insight. His most important works are Social Darwinism in American Thought 1860–1915 (1944); The American Political Tradition (1948); The Age of Reform (1955); Anti-intellectualism in American Life (1963) and the essays collected in The Paranoid Style in American Politics (1964).